The English-speaking, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptations of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire for martial arts athletes

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Details: Category: 2021, Volume 17; 01 June 2021; Hits: 106

RYSZARD MAKAROWSKI¹, ANDRZEJ PIOTROWSKI², RADU PREDOIU³, KAROL GÖRNER⁴, ALEXANDRA PREDOIU⁵, GEORGETA MITRACHE⁶, ROMUALDAS MALINAUSKAS⁷, NÉSTOR VICENTE-SALAR⁸, ZERMENA VAZNE⁹, EVGENY CHEREPOV¹⁰, MÁRTA MIKLÓSI¹¹, KLÁRA KOVÁCS¹², RALUCA PELIN¹³, OLE BOE¹⁴, SAMIR RAWAT¹⁵, ABHIJIT DESHPANDE¹⁵, MIECZYSŁAW PLOPA¹⁶, WOJCIECH PLOPA¹⁷

¹Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences, Elblag University of Humanities and Economics, Elblag, Poland
²Department of Personality Psychology and Forensic Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
³Teachers\\\' Training Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
⁴Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banska Bystrica, Slovak Republic
⁵Sports and Motor Performance Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
⁶Teachers\\\' Training Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania
⁷Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
⁸Biochemistry and Cell Therapy Unit, Institute of Bioengineering; Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL-FISABIO Foundation), University Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Elche, Spain
⁹Department of Sport and Training Theory, Education Psychology and Education Internship, Latvian Academy of Sport Education, Riga, Latvia
¹⁰Department of Physical Education and Health, South-Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
¹¹Department of Pedagogical Psychology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
¹²Institute of Educational Studies, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
¹³Faculty of Medical Engineering, Department of Physical Education and Sports - Kinetotherapy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
¹⁴Department of Business, Strategy and Political Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg; Bjorknes University College, Oslo, Kongsberg; Oslo, Norway
¹⁵Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
¹⁶Faculty of Psychology, of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
¹⁷Faculty of Psychology, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Author for correspondence: GEORGETA MITRACHE; Teachers\\\' Training Department, National University of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania; email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: The competition is an unique event which supposes pressure, social and financial stake, in these conditions increasing the athletes’ probability of getting injured. And this probability is higher in the case of new and inexperienced athletes, in which case (mainly), the win-at-all-costs philosophy may lead to less calculated risks. The goal of the current study is recommendation to researchers, coaches of various martial arts (combat sports) disciplines, physical education teachers, and psychologists with a measure of stimulating and instrumental risk. Adapting the S&IRQ will allow for assessing athletes in terms of sports risk

Material and Methods: The Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, and English adaptation of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire (S&IRQ) was made. Two types of risk are discussed: (a) stimulating risk, which focuses on the experience of pleasurable physiological stimulation, and (b) instrumental risk, which is a goal-oriented strategy/tactics. Our study has also a cross-sectional nature, analyzing the results for instrumental and stimulating risk, in the case of eight groups of athletes. The questionnaire’s reliability and validity analyses on martial arts athletes from Hungary (n = 47), Latvia (n = 32), Lithuania (n = 47), English-speaking athletes from other countries (n = 58), Romania, (n = 61), Russia (n = 53), Slovakia (n = 29) and Spain (n = 25) was made. Reliability was measured using the Cronbach’s α internal consistency coefficient, which ranged from 0.69 to 0.83. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the questionnaire’s internal structure.

Results: Results of research using the eight versions of the S&IRQ indicate that the measure possesses good psychometric properties and can be used in international research. Also, single-factor analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the groups of athletes. Romanian athletes achieved the highest mean scores for the stimulating risk scale, while athletes from Spain achieved the lowest results. Considering the instrumental risk, Spanish athletes registered the highest score and athletes from Russia the lowest values.

Conclusions: The S&IRQ can be used in international studies, as part of psychological training by sport psychologists, coaches, martial arts athletes, athletes from various sport disciplines, for their professional and personal development. The appendix includes Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Indian (Martahai and Hindi), Indonesian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Moldavian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak and Spanish versions of the S&IRQ for martial arts athletes, together with the norms for both women and men.

Key words: risk perception, instrumental risk, extreme sports, combat sports, risk-taking, stimulating risk

AMA:
MAKAROWSKI R, PIOTROWSKI A, PREDOIU R et al. The English-speaking, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptations of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. ARCH BUDO. 2021;17:1-33
APA:
MAKAROWSKI, R., PIOTROWSKI, A., PREDOIU, R., GÖRNER, K., PREDOIU, A., & MITRACHE, G. et al. (2021). The English-speaking, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptations of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. ARCH BUDO, 17, 1-33
Chicago:
MAKAROWSKI, RYSZARD, PIOTROWSKI ANDRZEJ, PREDOIU RADU, GÖRNER KAROL, PREDOIU ALEXANDRA, MITRACHE GEORGETA, and MALINAUSKAS ROMUALDAS et al. 2021. "The English-speaking, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptations of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire for martial arts athletes". ARCH BUDO 17: 1-33
Harvard:
MAKAROWSKI, R., PIOTROWSKI, A., PREDOIU, R., GÖRNER, K., PREDOIU, A., MITRACHE, G., MALINAUSKAS, R., VICENTE-SALAR, N., VAZNE, Z., CHEREPOV, E., MIKLÓSI, M., KOVÁCS, K., PELIN, R.., BOE, O.., RAWAT, S., DESHPANDE, A., PLOPA, M., and PLOPA, W. (2021). The English-speaking, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptations of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. ARCH BUDO, 17, pp.1-33
MLA:
MAKAROWSKI, RYSZARD et al. "The English-speaking, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptations of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire for martial arts athletes." ARCH BUDO, vol. 17, 2021, pp. 1-33
Vancouver:
MAKAROWSKI R, PIOTROWSKI A, PREDOIU R et al. The English-speaking, Hungarian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish adaptations of Makarowski’s Stimulating and Instrumental Risk Questionnaire for martial arts athletes. ARCH BUDO 2021; 17: 1-33

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Mission of ARCHBUDO

The specific mission of the Archives of Budo 2023 is to strive for a breakthrough in public perception of a broad class of combat sports and martial arts as specific means of innovative agonology.