Relationship between the expectancy value and grit of practitioners of hand-to-hand combat and combat sports athletes in Korea: multiple mediation of challenge and deliberate practice using the phantom model

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Correlations between the intensity of health behaviour and the quality of life of people practicing karate, football and physical recreation

Moderate correlations between the intensity of health behaviours and the respondents' quality of life do not fully explain these relationships

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Seasonal variability of maximal power of upper and lower limbs in ju-jitsu athletes

BJJ athletes who regularly train throughout all the year exhibited lack ofsignificant differences in performance of ultra-short, supramaximal efforts. The above refer both to upper and lower limbs.

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Demographically adjusted demand for health care hospital treatment services for the years: 2027; 2033; 2039 and 2045 in Poland

The projections presented provide a set of visions for the future of population health needs

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Injury patterns in collegiate demonstration taekwondo athletes using association rules

The conjunction of the results of these pioneering observations with the most general mission of innovative agonology is an evidence-based argument that this science meets social expectations

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An innovative method of monitoring health, mental, motor and artistic indicators during violin lessons

The conjunction of the results of these pioneering observations with the most general mission of innovative agonology is an evidence-based argument that this science meets social expectations

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The effect of fasting and physical exercise on serum levels of selected cytokines in middle-aged individuals ‒ pilot study

The obtained data suggest that fasting and physical exercise can selectively modulate the immune response, particularly by affecting cytokines involved in leukocyte recruitment.

Details: Category: 2025, Volume 21; 27 June 2025; Hits: 436

Sangil Lee ^₁, Young-Kyun Sim ², Eun-Chul Seo ³, Junsu Bae 4, Jae-Pil Seo⁵

¹ Department of Physical Education, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea;
² Department of Physical Education, Woosuk University, Republic of Korea;
³ Department of Physical Education, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea;
⁴ Institution of Sport Contents, Gyeongkuk National University, Republic of Korea;
⁵ Sports & Leisure Studies, Gimcheon University, Republic of Korea;

Author for correspondence: Young-Kyun Sim, Department of Physical Education, Woosuk University, Republic of Korea; Send to: Young-Kyun Sim

Snagil Lee: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0478-0132

Young-Kyun Sim: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8249-9121

Eun-Chul Sim: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4116-2083

Junsu Bae: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6464-7223

Jae-Pil, Seo: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4526-2020

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: Hand-to-hand combat sports demand a high level of both physical and mental skills, as well as the ability to overcome oneself, requiring long-term effort for success. Psychological traits such as grit are increasingly recognized as key predictors of athletes' success, yet research focusing on hand-to-hand combat athletes remains scarce. Moreover, studies examining antecedent variables that predict grit are limited. The current study aims to validate a structural model that includes expectancy value, challenge, and deliberate practice to predict grit in hand-to-hand combat athletes.

Material and Methods: Data were collected through surveys of 532 athletes participating in hand-to-hand combat as combat sports (i.e., judo, karate, taekwondo, wrestling) in Korea and analysed via structural equation modelling. Additionally, bootstrapping and the phantom model were employed to test the multiple mediating effects of challenge and deliberate practices on the relationship between expectancy value and grit.

Results: The results revealed that all eight direct paths and four indirect paths were statistically significant. Specifically, expectancy of success and task value, as subfactors of expectancy value, positively predicted challenge, deliberate practice, and grit, whereas challenge and deliberate practice were also positively related to the promotion of athletes' grit. Furthermore, the expectancy of success and task value indirectly influenced grit by mediating challenge and deliberate practices.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that practitioners of hand-to-hand combat (combat sports athletes) who interpret the value of tasks and expectations of success positively are more likely to adopt a challenging and proactive training attitude, ultimately leading to persistent effort toward long-term goals.

Keywords: bootstrapping, consistency of interests, expectancy beliefs for success, long-term goal, perseverance of effort, task value

AMA:
Lee S, Sim YK, Seo EC, Bae J, Seo JP. Relationship between the expectancy value and grit of practitioners of hand-to-hand combat and combat sports athletes in Korea: multiple mediation of challenge and deliberate practice using the phantom model. Arch Budo J Inn Agon. 2025;21.

APA
Lee, S., Sim, Y.-K., Seo, E.-C., Bae, J., & Seo, J.-P. (2025). Relationship between the expectancy value and grit of practitioners of hand-to-hand combat and combat sports athletes in Korea: multiple mediation of challenge and deliberate practice using the phantom model. Archives of Budo: Journal of Innovative Agonology, 21.

Chicago
Lee, Sangil, Young-Kyun Sim, Eun-Chul Seo, Junsu Bae, and Jae-Pil Seo. 2025. "Relationship between the Expectancy Value and Grit of Hand-to-Hand Combat Athletes in Korea: Multiple Mediation of Challenge and Deliberate Practice Using the Phantom Model." Archives of Budo: Journal of Innovative Agonology 21.

Harvard
Lee, S., Sim, Y.-K., Seo, E.-C., Bae, J. and Seo, J.-P. (2025) ‘Relationship between the expectancy value and grit of hand-to-hand combat athletes in Korea: Multiple mediation of challenge and deliberate practice using the phantom model’, Archives of Budo: Journal of Innovative Agonology, 21.

MLA
Lee, Sangil, et al. "Relationship between the Expectancy Value and Grit of Hand-to-Hand Combat Athletes in Korea: Multiple Mediation of Challenge and Deliberate Practice Using the Phantom Model." Archives of Budo: Journal of Innovative Agonology, vol. 21, 2025.

Vancouver
Lee S, Sim YK, Seo EC, Bae J, Seo JP. Relationship between the expectancy value and grit of hand-to-hand combat athletes in Korea: Multiple mediation of challenge and deliberate practice using the phantom model. Arch Budo J Inn Agon. 2025;21.

OUR POLICY

Mission of ARCHBUDO

The specific mission of the Archives of Budo 2023 is to strive for a breakthrough in public perception of a broad class of combat sports and martial arts as specific means of innovative agonology.