Shoulder joint position sense in judo athletes

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Details: Category: 2026, Volume 22; 19 March 2026; Hits: 36

Toshihiro Takezawa¹, Yurika Saeki², Yusuke Kanamaru³, Takeshi Sasaki⁴, Kiyoshi Ito⁵

¹Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Juntendo;
² Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Juntendo;
³ SBC Tokyo Medical University;
⁴ Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Juntendo;
⁵ University of Kyushu Kyoritsu;

Author for correspondence: Toshihiro Takezawa, Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Juntendo; : This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Toshihiro Takezawa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-4387

Yurika Saeki: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7723-6698

Yusuke Kanamaru https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4441-1023

Takeshi Sasaki: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5462-4635

Kiyoshi Ito

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: Kakari practice, which is one of the methods of practicing such techniques, involves skilfully breaking uke’s body balance and repeating techniques using accurate form. Accordingly, using both the pulling and lifting hand is important, the position of the upper limbs needs to be improved and the reproducibility ensured, and the sense of the shoulder joint position is thought to have a considerable influence. Sense of position refers to the percepxion of one’s own body posture and where body parts are located, without relying on visual information. Many biomechanical studies report the focus on the pulling and lifting hand, but none examine the sense of position. The cognitive goal of this research is knowledge about the sense of the shoulder joint position in judo athletes.

Material and Methods: We used BIODEX (13BY6333, manufactured by Sakai Medical Co., Ltd.) in automatic and passive modes to measure both shoulder joints. The measurement items were flexion/extension (60°, 90°, 120°), abduction/adduction (60°, 90°, 120°), and external rotation/internal rotation (5°, 35°). The analysis was conducted from multiple perspectives.

Results: We succeeded in finding significant differences in comparison by body mas, hikite and tsurite, and target angle. In the comparison between lightweight and heavyweight athletes, the sense of shoulder joint position in heavyweight athletes may be superior as a whole. The comparison between hikite and tsurite, the tsurite side of the shoulder joint may have a better sense of shoulder joint position. Comparison by target angle established that the 120° target angle had the smallest error, suggesting that this angle had the superior sense of position.

Conclusions: Heavyweight athletes may have an overall superior sense of shoulder joint position. The comparison between the pulling and lifting hands revealed athletes are more likely to have a better sense in the former. Moreover, when comparing target angles between the two hands, the error for the target angles of 120° was the smallest in the pulling hand, thus suggesting a better sense of position.

Keywords: comparison by weight, hikite, kinesthesia, kuzushi, target angle, tsurite

AMA
Takezawa T, Saeki Y, Kanamaru Y, Sasaki T, Ito K. Shoulder joint position sense in judo athletes. Arch Budo J Innov Agon. 2026;22.
APA
Takezawa, T., Saeki, Y., Kanamaru, Y., Sasaki, T., & Ito, K. (2026). Shoulder joint position sense in judo athletes. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology, 22.
Chicago
Takezawa, Toshihiro, Yurika Saeki, Yusuke Kanamaru, Takeshi Sasaki, and Kiyoshi Ito. 2026. “Shoulder Joint Position Sense in Judo Athletes.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology 22.
Harvard
Takezawa, T., Saeki, Y., Kanamaru, Y., Sasaki, T. & Ito, K. (2026). Shoulder joint position sense in judo athletes. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology, 22.
MLA
Takezawa, Toshihiro, et al. “Shoulder Joint Position Sense in Judo Athletes.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology, vol. 22, 2026.
Vancouver
Takezawa T, Saeki Y, Kanamaru Y, Sasaki T, Ito K. Shoulder joint position sense in judo athletes. Arch Budo J Innov Agon. 2026;22.

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The specific mission of the Archives of Budo 2023 is to strive for a breakthrough in public perception of a broad class of combat sports and martial arts as specific means of innovative agonology.