The ability to act precisely before and during changing psychomotor effort – a laboratory example of measuring multivariate dispositional possibility of action

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Details: Category: 2025, Volume 21; 02 February 2026; Hits: 6

Robert Bąk¹

¹ Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland

Author for correspondence: wpisz: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Robert Bąk: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-4004

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: Every training session and proper sporting competition is preceded by a warm-up. The same applies to recreational sessions, physiotherapy, and PE lessons. The need for precise action without a warm-up applies primarily to self-defence, especially against unexpected physical aggression, as well as during sudden rescue, police, military, etc. interventions. Therefore, in cognitive terms, one of the most important issues is to determine whether there are people in the population who are able to maintain opximal (based on specific criteria) the ability to act precisely before and during changing psychomotor effort. The aim of this research is to gain general knowledge about this phenomenon in relation to school youth with different extracurricular physical activity.

Material and Methods: The results of observations of 108 Polish school students in the years 14, 15 and 16 were subjected to secondary analysis: 39 physically active in their free time: 69 whose physical activity was limited to PE lessons (passive). The simple experiment consisted of performing five identical motor tasks, each within 10 seconds (5 throws of a ball into a basket from a fixed position and in the same way each time): Task 1 before warm-up; Task 2 after warm-up; Tasks 3 to 5 was % of accurate throws immediately after 60 seconds of intense effort (active break after each effort was 4 minutes).

Results: Active students performed the task most effectively before the warm-up (M = 62.05%, min 40%, max 100%) and gradually less effectively until Task 5 (M = 46.67%, min 20%, max 100%). Among passive students, 13% did not complete Task 1, and Task 4 was the most effective (M = 42.03%), with less than 6% not completing this task and 4.35% of them achieving maximum effectiveness (100%). Although active students outperformed passive students, the difference in Task 4 results (8.23%) is not statistically significant. The criterion of stability of results (identical effectiveness during the first three tasks) was met by 18% of active students and 13% of passive students. The dominant performance profile in both groups is unstable individuals, reducing the average score relative to the performance in Task 1.

Conclusions: The ability to act precisely before and during changing psychomotor effort is significantly stimulated mainly by students' extracurricular physical activity. However, the results of leaders in this form of measuring multivariate dispositional possibility of action among passive students suggest that this unique psychomotor ability, which is important from the perspective of broadly understood survival, is genetically determined. Since physical activity beyond the weekly effort in school PE stimulates this unique psychomotor ability, similar forms of student activation should be implemented in school education.

Keywords: physical activity level, precision under variable effort, psychomotor performance stability

APA
Bąk, R. (2025). The ability to act precisely before and during changing psychomotor effort – a laboratory example of measuring multivariate dispositional possibility of action. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology, 21.

Chicago
Bąk, Robert. 2025. “The Ability to Act Precisely Before and During Changing Psychomotor Effort – A Laboratory Example of Measuring Multivariate Dispositional Possibility of Action.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology 21.

Harvard
Bąk, R. (2025). The ability to act precisely before and during changing psychomotor effort – a laboratory example of measuring multivariate dispositional possibility of action. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology, 21.

MLA
Bąk, Robert. “The Ability to Act Precisely Before and During Changing Psychomotor Effort – A Laboratory Example of Measuring Multivariate Dispositional Possibility of Action.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology, vol. 21, 2025.

Vancouver
Bąk R. The ability to act precisely before and during changing psychomotor effort – a laboratory example of measuring multivariate dispositional possibility of action. Arch Budo J Inn Agon. 2025;21.

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The specific mission of the Archives of Budo 2023 is to strive for a breakthrough in public perception of a broad class of combat sports and martial arts as specific means of innovative agonology.