Artur Kalina1, Artur Litwiniuk2, Robert Bąk3

1 Plus-Rehabilitation Services Ltd., Crystal Lake, USA
2 Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Biala Podlaska, Poland
3 Faculty of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland

Author for correspondence: Send to: A. Kalina

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: The need for precise action in accordance with circadian rhythms applies to every active individual, even if they are significantly limited by a particular health condition. Apart from instrumental music, there are certain sports disciplines where an athlete’s precise performance is not directly disrupxed by the actions of competitors (archery, biathlon, golf, shooting, etc.). The objective of this omitted implication review is to determine whether schoolchildren’s various types of Polish schools who engage in physical activity outside of mandatory physical education classes demonstrate greater stability precise motor activities during physical effort than their peers who do not engage in such activity.

Materials and Methods: An innovative methodological aspect of this study is the secondary analysis of 15 master’s theses from a praxeological perspective of the phenomenon of possibility of action—that is, whether the strength, intellectual or manual ability, knowledge (skill), and willingness are sufficient to perform a given action—in the sense of dispositional feasibility. We use the schoolchildren lowest score from any series of 5 basketball shots from a fixed distance (2 or 3 meters) within 10 seconds in each of the seven tasks in the following order as the criterion for the stability of precise motor actions (skill): Task 1 before the warm-up; Task 2 after the warm-up; Tasks 3 through 7, immediately following an intense 50-second burst of physical exertion (each of these bursts separated by a maximum 5-minute break). Self-reported motivation on a scale of 1 to 10 before each task meets the methodological criteria for measuring willingness sufficient to perform a given action. The authors of the studies analysed (conducted under the supervision of the same advisor) observed 421 schoolchildren’s (172 girls and 249 boys) from various types of schools in southeaster Poland during the 2006–2007 school year. In addition, the reference group consisted of 14 young female basketball players from a local sports club, who, however, performed their shots from the free-throw line. The statistical analysis was based on a significance test of independent proportions and Pearson’s correlation between shot effectiveness and motivation.

Results: Only a 15-year-old schoolgirl (who reported unspecified physical activity) demonstrated 80% stability of performance during the 7 motor tasks in the experimental model used. There are no statistically significant differences in the proportions of performance stability (or lack thereof) between girls reporting increased physical activity and the rest. Among boys, a statistically significant difference was observed regarding stability at the 20% level (this was demonstrated by 61.84% of schoolchildren’s who did not report physical activity outside of PE and 39.75% of active schoolchildren’s). Among girls and boys (regardless of whether they engaged in physical activity outside of PE or not), the statistically significant difference in proportions in favour of girls pertains to the stability of precise motor activities during physical effort at the 60% and 80% levels (p = 3.318). Higher proportions of this variable at the 40% and 20% performance stability levels (by 4.5% and 5.7%, respectively) are not statistically significant. There are 6.53% more unstable schoolchildren’s among boys (however, p>0.05). There are occasional significant individual correlations between throwing effectiveness and motivation.

Conclusion: When applying this method to study the phenomenon of dispositional feasibility, given the stability of precision performance during increasing physical exertion, it is reasonable to conclude that schoolgirls in various types of Polish schools demonstrate a greater predisposition than boys to commit less than half of the potential errors during cyclically repeated motor activities requiring both appropriate focus on the task and tolerance of the effects of increasing physical exertion. External environmental predictors include the quality of physical education classes and access to sports activities in local communities. From a cognitive perspective, it is important to recommend studying the phenomenon of possibility of action also in sense of situational actionability and using other simple and readily available methods.

Keywords: dispositional feasibility, innovative agonology, omitted review, praxeology

APA
Kalina, A., Litwiniuk, A., & Bąk, R. (2026). Stability of precise motor activities during physical effort among Polish schoolchildren – references to personal safety and methodology for measuring “possibility of action”. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology, 22.
Chicago
Kalina, Artur, Artur Litwiniuk, and Robert Bąk. 2026. “Stability of Precise Motor Activities During Physical Effort Among Polish Schoolchildren – References to Personal Safety and Methodology for Measuring ‘Possibility of Action’.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology 22.
Harvard
Kalina, A., Litwiniuk, A. and Bąk, R. (2026). Stability of precise motor activities during physical effort among Polish schoolchildren – references to personal safety and methodology for measuring ‘possibility of action’. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology, 22.
MLA
Kalina, Artur, et al. “Stability of Precise Motor Activities During Physical Effort Among Polish Schoolchildren – References to Personal Safety and Methodology for Measuring ‘Possibility of Action’.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation and Agonology, vol. 22, 2026.
Vancouver
Kalina A, Litwiniuk A, Bąk R. Stability of precise motor activities during physical effort among Polish schoolchildren – references to personal safety and methodology for measuring 'possibility of action'. Arch Budo J Inn Agon. 2026;22.