Strategic adaptation in Para Taekwondo following the five-minute single-round rule: the 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics

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Strategic adaptation in Para Taekwondo following the five-minute single-round rule: the 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics

Under the revised Para Taekwondo rules prioritizing technical efficiency and defensive stability is significantly more critical for winning than merely increasing offensive volum

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Details: Category: 2026, Volume 22; 02 May 2026; Hits: 580

Hye-Soo Cho¹, Ji-Yong Park², Eun-Hyung Cho³, Hyeon-Su Park³

¹ Department of Sports Science, Hanyang University ERICA
² Department of Sports Science, Hanyang University
³ Korea Institute of Sport Science

Author for correspondence: Hyeon-Su Park, Korea Institute of Sport Science, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Hye-Soo Cho: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9764-0679

Ji-Yong Park: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-5000

Eun-Hyung Cho: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5136-9199

Hyeon-Su Park: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7959-3196

;

Abstract

Background and Study Aim: The unified K44 classification and the revised five-minute single-round format have reshaped tactical demands in Para Taekwondo. This study aimed to examine performance differences between winners and non-winners and to identify predictors of match outcomes in male K44 competition under the updated rules.

Material and Methods: A total of 173 athletes from the 2023 World Para Taekwondo Championships and the 2024 Paris Paralympics were analysed using notational analysis. Offensive frequency, kick-to-score ratio, defensive success rate, and technical diversity were examined to compare winners and non-winners and to identify predictors of victory.

Results: Cross-tabulation analysis showed that non-winners exhibited a higher overall offensive frequency than winners (69.5% vs. 61.3%, p < 0.001, V = 0.087) and also demonstrated a higher frequency of technical actions during the final 4–5 min phase of the match (23.7% vs. 20.6%, p < 0.001, V = 0.042). In contrast, independent-samples t-tests showed that winners had significantly higher kick-to-score ratios (40.17% vs. 16.09%, p < 0.001) and defensive success rates (83.91% vs. 59.83%, p < 0.001) than non-winners. Logistic regression analysis further identified defensive success rate (OR = 1.135, 95% CI = 1.102–1.169, p < 0.001) and kick-to-score ratio (OR = 1.051, 95% CI = 1.029–1.074, p < 0.001) as significant predictors of match outcomes.

Conclusions: Under the revised Para Taekwondo rules prioritizing technical efficiency (kick-to-score ratio) and defensive stability (defensive success rate) is significantly more critical for winning than merely increasing offensive volume. In male K44 competition strategic pacing and robust defense emerge as the central performance determinants.

Keywords: combat sports; notational analysis; tactical efficiency; taekwondo rules

AMA

Cho HS, Park JY, Cho EH, Park HS. Strategic adapxation in Para Taekwondo following the five-minute single-round rule: the 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics. Arch Budo J Innov Agon. 2026;22.

APA

Cho, H.-S., Park, J.-Y., Cho, E.-H., & Park, H.-S. (2026). Strategic adapxation in Para Taekwondo following the five-minute single-round rule: The 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology, 22.

Chicago

Cho, Hye-Soo, Ji-Yong Park, Eun-Hyung Cho, and Hyeon-Su Park. 2026. “Strategic Adapxation in Para Taekwondo Following the Five-Minute Single-Round Rule: The 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology 22.

Harvard

Cho, H.-S., Park, J.-Y., Cho, E.-H. & Park, H.-S. (2026). Strategic adapxation in Para Taekwondo following the five-minute single-round rule: the 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics. Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology, 22.

MLA

Cho, Hye-Soo, et al. “Strategic Adapxation in Para Taekwondo Following the Five-Minute Single-Round Rule: The 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics.” Arch Budo Journal of Innovation Agonology, vol. 22, 2026.

Vancouver

Cho HS, Park JY, Cho EH, Park HS. Strategic adapxation in Para Taekwondo following the five-minute single-round rule: the 2023 World Championships and 2024 Paris Paralympics. Arch Budo J Innov Agon. 2026;22.

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The specific mission of the Archives of Budo 2023 is to strive for a breakthrough in public perception of a broad class of combat sports and martial arts as specific means of innovative agonology.